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In Go, the construction of a map with programmatically determined keys and corresponding initial values involves declaring a map type and then populating it iteratively or through a function. The map is defined using the `map` keyword followed by the key type in brackets and the value type. For example, `map[string]int` defines a map with string keys and integer values. Subsequently, keys and values are added to the map within a loop or based on conditional logic, enabling flexible population based on runtime data. An example involves reading data from a file, extracting keys from one column and computing initial values based on another, then adding these key-value pairs to the map.

The capacity to construct data structures in this manner is crucial for numerous applications. It facilitates data aggregation, configuration management, and dynamic data processing. In the context of web applications, it enables the storage of request parameters. In data analysis, it provides a mechanism for counting occurrences or calculating statistics. The benefit lies in the ability to adapt the data structure to the specific requirements of the program at runtime, promoting code flexibility and reducing the need for pre-defined, rigid structures. Historically, this dynamic approach has evolved from the need to handle data sets of varying sizes and formats, moving away from statically sized arrays and fixed-schema databases.

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